Understanding GST For Dummies - The Complete Guide!

What Are The Different Types Of Taxes In India?

Moving onto the types of taxes levied or imposed. Taxes can be broadly classified into two categories:

• Direct Tax
• Indirect Tax

Apart from these two broad classifications, there are other types of taxes like the Cess tax that is imposed by the central government like the Swachh Bharat Cess tax. We'll cover these later, but for the time being we'll discuss about Direct and Indirect Tax in detail.

The classification is made based on the difference in application and implementation of the taxes.

Direct Tax: Direct Tax as the name suggests is the tax amount that is paid by you directly to the government and can't be transferred to any individual or enterprise. In India the government body that oversees the payment of direct taxes is called Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) . The CBDT is a part of the Department of Revenue and helps in smoothly carrying out its duties. The CBDT also helps in upholding various tax acts that dictate how direct taxes are to be levied.

Let's have a look at some of the tax acts that keeps the direct tax imposition in check:

• Income Tax Act

  Also know as the IT Act of 1961. This act basically sets up all the rules on income taxation in India. This act taxes the income from sources like business, investments, house or properties that you own, salaries etc. Have you ever opted for a life insurance premium or fixed deposit? Well, this is the act that dictates the tax benefit on those. This act also decides how much you can save through investments and the income tax slabs.

• Gift Tax Act

  This 1958 act would impose a 30% tax on any gifts or monetary value items such as property, jewellery, shares etc. gifted to an individual. This act was eventually abolished in 1998, thus exempting taxes on gifts received by an individual from family members and local or regional organizations. However if anyone or any organization other than the ones exempted gift you something that exceeds Rs 50,000, the whole gift amount is taxed.

• Wealth Tax Act

  This act passed in 1951 determines the amount of tax imposed on the net wealth of an individual or an organization. The calculation for this tax was as follows: If the net worth of the individual/organization exceeded Rs 30 Lakhs then 1% of that amount was to be paid as tax. However, the budget announcement of 2015 abolished this act. Since then it has been replaced by a surcharge of 12% on individuals with per annum earnings of more than 1 Crore. It is also applicable on organizations with revenue more than 10 Crores per annum.

• Interest Tax Act

  This act of 1974 dealt with the tax payable on interest but has been since amended, not to apply on interest earned after March 2000.

• Expenditure Tax Act

  This 1987 act imposes taxes on the services that an individual enjoys at a hotel or a restaurant. It is applicable in all Indian states except Jammu and Kashmir. The expenses are subject to tax if the amount exceeds Rs 3,000.

Now, let's take a look at some of the examples of Direct Taxes:

• Income Tax

  One of the most dreaded taxes, this is levied on your annual earnings during the financial year. This tax is applicable to both individuals and organizations. The amount to money to be deducted in tax depends upon a variety of factors like tax slabs, taxable income and its reduction, tax deduction at source (TDS) and much more. The Government of India has differentiated the tax slabs into general taxpayers, senior citizens and super senior citizens. Based on these slabs you are liable to pay anywhere from 0 to 30% tax depending on which slab you fall under. Here we'll have a detailed and simplified look at the tax slabs and their classification.

  Income Tax Slab Rates for FY 2017-18 (AY 2018-19)
  • Individual taxpayers &HUF* (less than 60 years old) (both men &women)

    *HUF: It is defined under the Hindu Law as a family that consists of all persons lineally descended from a common ancestor, including wives and unmarried daughters. Income from HUF can be profits from business, income from house or property, capital gains or income from other sources.

    Income Tax Slab	Income Tax Rate
    Income up to Rs. 2,50,000*	No Tax
    Income from Rs. 2,50,000 – Rs. 5,00,000	5%
    Income from Rs. 5,00,000 – 10,00,000	20%
    Income more than Rs. 10,00,000	30%
    Surcharge: 10% of income tax, where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs.1 crore. 15% of income tax, where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
    Cess: 3% on total of income tax + surcharge.
    * Income upto Rs. 2,50,000 is exempt from tax if you are less than 60 years old.

  • Individual taxpayers &HUF* (60 years or more but less than 80 years old) (both men &women)

    Income Tax Slab	Income Tax Rate
    Income up to Rs. 2,50,000*	No Tax
    Income from Rs. 2,50,000 – Rs. 5,00,000	5%
    Income from Rs. 5,00,000 – 10,00,000	20%
    Income more than Rs. 10,00,000	30%
    Surcharge: 10% of income tax, where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs.1 crore. 15% of income tax, where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
    Cess: 3% on total of income tax + surcharge.
    * Income upto Rs. 2,50,000 is exempt from tax if you are less than 60 years old.

  • Super Senior Citizens (80 years old or more) (both men &women)

    Income Tax Slab	Income Tax Rate
    Income up to Rs. 2,50,000*	No Tax
    Income from up to Rs. 5,00,000	No Tax
    Income from Rs. 5,00,000 – 10,00,000	20%
    Income more than Rs. 10,00,000	30%
    Surcharge: 10% of income tax, where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs.1 crore. 15% of income tax, where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
    Cess: 3% on total of income tax + surcharge.
    * Income upto Rs. 2,50,000 is exempt from tax if you are less than 60 years old.

• Capital Gains Tax

  This tax is payable when you receive a fairly large amount of money from an investment or through a property sale, whatever be it. The capital gains are of two types:

  • Short Term Capital Gains - investments that you have held for less than 36 months
  • Long Term Capital Gains - investments that you have held for more than 36 months

  The tax imposed on Short Term Capital Gains is calculated based on the income tax slab/bracket you fall under and the tax collected on Long Term Capital Gains comes to about 20%. In cases where the gain is in the form of kind instead of monetary value, the tax will be levied on the amount of exchange in kind.

• Securities Transaction Tax

  If you have ever traded in shares or securities on the share market, then you're aware that if traded properly quite a good amount of money can be made. As such the tax applicable on these securities are added to the price of the share. This means every time you buy a share, on the Indian Stock Exchange you're also paying the tax on it.

• Perquisite Tax

  This is the tax levied on privileges you as an employee enjoy from your employer. These include major privileges like car or vehicle provided for daily commute or minor ones like payment of telephone bills. The tax is imposed considering how the perquisite is acquired by the employer or how the employee uses it. For eg: If the office vehicle is used for both official and personal reason could be taxed but if it's only used for official purposes, no taxes are levied on it.

• Corporate Tax

  This is the income tax levied on the revenue earned by a company. It has it's own slab depending upon which the tax is deducted. For eg. a company with annual revenues under Rs 1 Crore won't have to pay this tax, while companies with revenue. It also goes by the name 'surcharge' and differ according to the revenue slabs. The international companies have different tax rates compared to the domestic companies, like the international companies have to pay corporate tax of 41.2% in case the revenue generated is less than rs 10 million.

  The corporate tax is further divided into 4 categories:

  • Minimum Alternative Tax - MAT or Minimum Alternative Tax helps the income tax department in collecting a minimum amount of tax from the companies. The tax rate currently stands at 18.5%. This was introduced by the Section 115JA of the Income Tax Act. Companies that are from the infrastructure and power background need not pay MAT. If and when the company pays the MAT, it can be carried forward and adjusted with the tax that needs to be paid during a 5 year period.
  • Fringe Benefit Tax - This tax applies to every fringe benefit that the employee enjoys from the employer. Fringe Benefit Tax or FBT covers: Employers expense on travel (Leave Travel Allowance or LTA), accommodation, commute related expense, contribution to a retirement fund, employee stock option plans (ESOPs). Brought into effect in April 2005, this tax was later on discontinued by the then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee during 2009 Union Budget Session.
  • Dividend Distribution Tax - Introduced post 2007's union budget, this tax is levied on the companies based on the dividend the investors get through the company. It is applicable on the net income of the investor through the company. The current rate for Dividend Distribution Tax is 15%.
  • Banking Cash Transaction Tax - This now discontinued taxation imposed a tax rate of 0.1% on every bank transaction, be it credit or debit. It ran from 2005 to 2009 and was nullified by Pranab Mukherjee.

Indirect Tax: This is the type of tax that is imposed on goods that you buy or services that you enjoy. As the name suggests these taxes aren't directly payable to the Government by the consumer i.e. you. They are collected and paid to the government by the Middle man i.e. the person who provides the service or sells the product. These taxes are added to the price of the product thus making it costlier. Some of the most common examples of indirect taxes are Value Added Tax (VAT) and Sales Tax.

Let's have a look at some of the other examples of Indirect Taxes:

• Sales Tax: This is the tax that is levied or imposed on the sale of the product. The tax is imposed on the product seller who transfers it to the end consumer. The sales tax is included in the price of the item sold. However there is one major problem with this tax: it can be applied only once. That is if the product is sold for a second time, Sales Tax can't be levied on it. The Sales Tax Act differs according to the state and the Sales Tax Act the particular state follows. On top of the Sales Tax that is charged, several other taxes like turnover tax and purchase tax are also levied by the state governments thus making Sales Tax one of the highest revenue generators. The Sales Tax is imposed under the state as well as central legislations.

• Service Tax: Just like Sales Tax is added to the selling price of goods, Service Tax amount is added to the services provided. In budget reading of 2015, it was announced that the tax rate would be raised from 12.36% to 14%. The Service Tax is applicable only to companies that provide services. It is collected on a monthly or quarterly basis depending upon how the service is provided. If the service provider is an individual then the Service Tax amount is to be paid when the customer pays the bill. However, if the service provider is a company then the tax is payable at the very moment the invoice is filed and doesn't depend on when the customer pays the bill. Service Tax levied at restaurants is kept at a rate of 40% of the total bill amount.

• Value Added Tax: This tax is levied or imposed throughout all the stages of the supply chain viz. the manufacturer, the distributor, wholesaler, retailer all the way to the consumer. However, it is not applicable on food items, essential drugs or exported items. Just like Sales Tax, the Value Added Tax or VAT is decided by the state for eg. The Gujarat State Government has divided the goods into 3 categories and split the tax rate as 1%, 5% and 15 % respectively.

• Custom Duty &Octroi: Custom Duty is the tax levied on goods that need to be imported from another country by land, sea and or air. It doesn't matter if you purchase the said item in a different country and then bring it to India. The taxes will still be imposed. While the Custom Duty makes sure that the products entering India are properly taxed, similarly the Octroi makes sure that goods leaving the state borders are appropriately taxed. The Octroi charges are maintained by the state government.

• Excise Duty: This is the tax that is levied on all goods that are manufactured in India, unlike the Custom Duty taxes imposed on goods made in foreign countries entering India. It is also called the Central Value Added Tax or CENVAT. The tax is collected by the government from the manufacturers or from those who receive and consequently distribute the manufactured goods. According to the Central Excise Rule passed by the Central Government, the tax has to be paid on the excisable goods before it can be moved, say from a manufacturer or from a distributor who has stored it in a warehouse.

Other Taxes: Apart from the direct and indirect taxes, there are quite few other types of taxes for eg. Cess, the fund or the amount after taxation generated, which is used for various purposes decided by the finance minister of the country. While these taxes aren't major revenue generators like the Sales Tax, but they help the government in carrying forward initiatives that raise the standard of living of the citizens.

Let's have a look at some of these taxes:

• Professional Tax - This tax is levied by the state governments on professionals or employees, hence also called Employment Tax. The amount to be taxed is decided by the state government and whether to levy this tax or not is totally up to the state government.

• Property Tax - This tax is imposed by the local municipal authorities of your city, hence also referred to as Municipal Tax or Real Estate Tax. This amount raised through this tax is used to improve the civic amenities of the city you reside in.

• Entertainment Tax - This is one of the most commonly levied taxes on India. As the name suggests, this tax is imposed on movies, exhibitions, amusement parks etc. The amount to be taxed is decided based upon the gross collection, box office earnings for movies or audience participation in case of exhibitions.

• Stamp Duty, Registration Fee and Transfer Tax - These are the taxes that come along with the Property Tax. While buying a property you would need to pay for the stamps, the fees charged by a registrar to legalize a property transaction and the tax levied on transference of ownership of an item.

• Education Cess/Surcharge: This tax goes into the educational programs that are run and sponsored by the Government of India. Everyone starting from an individual to an organization and people residing in the country has to pay for this cess. The current tax rate for Education Cess is 2% of an individual's income.

• Toll Tax/Road Tax - This is the tax that you pay while making use of an infrastructure that is built by the government for eg. roads, bridges, tunnels etc. The minimal amount of tax that is collected from you is utilized in maintenance and repair of the said infrastructure.

• Swachh Bharat Cess - You must have heard about this cess tax. It was started in November 2015 and the current rate is 0.5% of taxable services. It is slapped on top of the already existing 14% Service Tax. This cess is not applicable on items that are exempt from paying the service tax. This cess is not covered under Service Tax and is mentioned separately in a bill or invoice. This cess is collected by the Consolidate Fund of India and goes into any Swachh Bharat Abhiyan activities.

• Krishi Kalyan Cess - Operational since June 2016, this cess is brought into effect to facilitate better agricultural techniques to the farmers of our country. Just like Swachh Bharat Cess this is levied at 0.5% of all taxable services. It is mentioned separately in the invoice and is independent of the Sales Tax and the Swachh Bharat Cess.

• Infrastructure Cess - This tax brought into being on 1st June 2016, speaks about the cess levied on motor vehicles depending upon the length and engine capacity of the car.

  • If you own a petrol/LPG/CNG vehicle which is 4 meters in length and has 1200cc engine capacity, you're liable to pay 1% Infrastructure Cess.
  • If you have a diesel car which is less than or equal to 4 meters in length and has an engine capacity of 1500cc, cess of 2.5% needs to be paid.
  • In case of sedans and SUVs, the cess rate is 4% on the total cost of the vehicle.

• Entry Tax - This type of tax is levied when an item ordered by an e-commerce portal enters few select states of India like Delhi, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat etc. The tax rate stands in between 5.5% - 10%.

What Is GST?

GST or Goods and Service Tax is the comprehensive tax that is brought into effect in order to replace all the other indirect taxes (mentioned above) imposed by the state and central government. It is levied on manufacture, sale and use of the goods and services. The amount collected after levying GST will be used to propel the economic growth of the country.

Goods and Service Tax is imposed by the government as a sort of Value Added Tax on the goods you buy or services that you enjoy. The tax collected by the businesses (an individual or an organization) is handed over to the government imposing the tax. The amount varies from country to country.

As of now, there are umpteen indirect taxes in India, the Goods and Service Tax, aims to bring all of the indirect taxes under one category. The GST Bill was introduced in the lOk Sabha as the Constitution (122nd amendment) Bill 2014, by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 19th December 2014. The parliament passed the bill on 6th May 2015 with a 352 votes 'for' and 37 votes 'against'. Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 3 August 2016, and Lok Sabha passed the amended bill on 8 August 2016. The GST is touted to push India up in World Bank rankings for 'ease of doing business' index and boost economic growth by reducing corruption &removing the contradictory tax policies between state and centre. GST will merge the state and central taxation process thus bringing down double taxation and making way for a common market for the entire country.

Currently, the taxes imposed by the state include Sales Tax, Value Added Tax, Octroi, Stamp Duty, Entertainment Tax, Toll Tax etc. The Central government levies Customs Duty, Income Tax, Excise Duty, Central Sales Tax while the Property Tax is imposed by local authorities. Given the current taxation system in place, the states have the right to levy their own tax on the sale and use of goods crossing into their border. The centre however imposes tax on manufacture of these goods.

For example, a heavy machinery manufacturer in Odisha has to pay an excise duty or Central VAT to the government of Odisha, during the manufacturing process. Getting a supply of parts from Jharkhand would result in paying state taxes applicable in Jharkhand and also the import tax on bringing the parts into Odisha. If the furnishing material is brought in from Bihar, that would mean another set of state taxes to Bihar government and import taxes to the Odisha government. So, by the time the manufactured machinery reaches the market, the price goes up by a huge margin due to multiple taxations (also called Tax Cascading ) on the product. This is where the current taxation system fails! Only the CENVAT and the Service Tax paid during manufacturing can be reclaimed but not the other taxes.

GST, once implemented will club all of these separate State and Central taxes into Central GST and State GST, thus erasing the borders between states and making India a common market place. This will enable the manufacturer or the trader to claim the taxes paid while adding value during the manufacturing, distributing, and retailing process. This in turn will reduce the tax burden on the end consumer i.e. you. You will have to pay only the tax charged by the last dealer in the chain of supply. GST removes multiple taxations and brings a greater transparency in the payment process of taxes to the government. However the downside is the GST tax rates in India, might actually be higher than the current rates for some goods and services.

The tax applicable on products being imported and exported across the states will be taken care of by Integrated GST (IGST) to avoid messing up Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST).

This will give you a better idea about the pros and cons of GST:

• The GST being a federal law prevents the states have their own taxation laws on goods and services.
• Makes the taxation system easier to understand and cost effective in terms of implementation.
• Tax evasion and fraud will be drastically reduced as tax offsets can be reclaimed only on paying the taxes originally. The manufacturers will have to purchase from individuals or organizations who pay taxes in order to receive benefits.
• Goods for other states during manufacturing can be bought at cheaper rates.
• The final price of products will be much cheaper due to reduction in multiple taxes (Tax Cascading)

• Stamp Duty will continue to be imposed by the state governments as it doesn't fall under GST.
• In the current taxation system, some goods and services are exempt from taxes. That will not be the case with GST as it will have minimum exemption. While the taxation system in practice levies steep taxes on very few items, GST will impose low taxes on almost all items.

GST Across The Globe:

About 160 countries in the world already have a unified GST or VAT in place. France kickstarted this back in 1954. Almost all of the European countries have GST. USA happens to be one of the world powers without a GST, as it provides a high level of autonomy to the states when it comes to taxation.

Let's have a look at the different countries their GST tax rates and how they differ from GST tax rates in India:

GST Buzzwords

Here are some of the most commonly used words and phrases when referring to the Goods and Service Tax. It’s high time you adapt to the lingo and these words will amp up your street cred!

• Additional Cess Cess means a tax that is imposed on another tax. They’re levied by government for various specific purposes like Education Cess, Swachh Bharat Cess etc.Additional Cess is the tax that will be levied on certain products for the first 5 years after GST is implemented. This is to cope up with the losses incurred by the state government due to reduced tax rates (on demerit goods) and uniformity in country wide taxation.
• Demerit Goods A demerit good is a product or service whose use is considered unhealthy, or degrading due to the social undesirability owing to the negative effect it has on the end consumer, for eg. Tobacco based products.
• Exempt Supplies Goods and services which don’t fall under the GST regime and aren’t included in your GST return. For eg. Goods which are donated or services offered by nonprofit organizations.
• Capital Goods These are the items which are bought for developing or building a business with the motive of generating revenue. The taxpayer i.e. you have to claimed input tax credit for making a purchase of these Capital Goods.
• Aggregate Turnover Aggregate value of all taxable and non-taxable supplies of goods, exempt supplies and exports of goods/services of a person with the same PAN card. It is calculated on all-India basis and excludes taxes if any is applied under the SGST, CGST and IGST act.
• SGST The second half of GST imposed on transactions that occur within the same state (intrastate). SGST or State Goods and Services Tax is the component that is received by the state and includes indirect taxes like State VAT, Luxury tax etc. It is collected by the state governments as revenue.
• CGST CGST or Central Goods and Service Tax is one half of the GST that is levied on intrastate (within the same state) transaction i.e. when goods are passed on from one part of the state to the other. This tax is collected by the centre and makes up for all taxes levied by the centre viz. Central Sales Tax, Excise Duty etc.

  The other half of this transaction is SGST or State Goods and Service Tax.

• IGST Integrated Goods and Service Tax or IGST applies to all transactions that occur between two states (interstate). A uniform tax rate of IGST is going to be levied on such transactions through all the states. IGST is said to be applicable on all levels of supply: whether it is sale, distribution, transferring stocks or importing goods. Revenue earned after taxation will be divided among the state in question and the centre.
• Cash Ledger A kind of subsidiary ledger that a company maintains in addition to the general ledger. As the name suggests, this ledger tracks transactions that are made to and from different cash accounts, operated by the individual/organization (and its branches).
• ITC Ledger Input Tax Credit ledger (ITC ledger) is a kind of subsidiary ledger that is maintained by a company which keeps track of the input taxes received under different GST components (viz. CGST, SGST, and IGST ) and the input tax credits collected under these components.
• CPI Consumer Price Index or CPI is a technique of estimating the difference in price of a basket of goods and services offered, which in this case represent the economy’s consumption expenditure. This method has its roots in weighted average method of costing. It is used to calculate the inflation in any economy.
• E-commerce Operator A business that provides an online marketplace for vendors and sellers to offer their goods to customers, for eg. Flipkart, Amazon etc.
• E-sign Electronic Signature or E-sign is an digital service that allows a GST registered taxpayer or Aadhar card holder to sign a document online. The E-sign can be configured while you’re registering for GST.
• GSTIN Goods and Services Taxpayer Identification Number or GSTIN is a unique 15-digit number which is based on your PAN. It is given to every taxpayer who registers under the GST law in any India state. If you have base of operations or have business units across multiple states, you need to register for all of the states individually and the GSTIN for different states will vary from each other.
• GSTN Goods and Services Tax Network or GSTN is a non profit, private limited company which is not owned by the government. It provides IT infrastructure services to the Central and State Governments, taxpayers and other stakeholders while implementing the Goods and Services Tax.
• HSN Code HSN Code stands for Harmonized System of Nomenclature. It is an internationally accepted for naming, classifying and identifying different products. The identification is made based on the aggregate turnover (1.5 crores - 2 digits, 5 crores - 4 digits) and procurement of goods (local - 2-4 digits, imports - 8 digits). These HSN Codes follow a logical and legal structure, governed by a very specific set of rules.
• SAC Services Accounting Code or SAC is a method of identifying, classifying and defining the services under GST. The services have already been defined under the service tax law and will remain the same for most parts.
• ISD ISD or Input Service Distributors are intermediaries or offices that look after the business of a manufacturer, producer or output service provider, for eg. The corporate office of a Pizza restaurant chain. The vendor bills are sent by the branches and the invoices are sent to the manufacturer to distribute the Input Tax Credits.
• ITC Input Tax Credit or ITC in short, is the act of getting back/a refund on the tax you paid for an item at the time of purchase whenever you sell it to a customer (who pays the tax associated with the selling price of the same item).
• TDS TDS means Tax Deducted at Source and is used to collect income tax. It is made possible by having an organization or an authorized person deduct tax on services hired and pay the tax on behalf of those service providers (who will then receive credit on income tax). If you deduct the tax at the source then taxation on such transactions need to be recorded and tracked under GSTR-7 (this return needs to be filed every month).

GST Structure - Difference In Taxation Before &After GST

In simple terms, GST is one indirect tax where the whole nation has to pay. This single tax is applied on the supply of goods and services right from the manufacturer to the consumer. When GST rates were announced there was a lot of curiosity among the people regarding which products fall under which GST slabs. As we all know the GST has four different slab rates at 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%, let us have a look at the GST tax structure and the categories falling under each slab. Apart from the regular 4 slabs, there are exemptions for gold and rough diamonds which will be taxed at 3% and 0.25% respectively.

When it comes to the four rate slabs which are available, there is a separate rate slab for luxury goods like high-end cars, tobacco, aerated drinks and pan masala. There is a tax of 40-65% on these items which is making them unavailable to common man. One good news for a common man is that food grains are going to be taxed at zero rates, a good sign for improvement. Where the most commonly used white goods like washing machines, ACs, shampoo, refrigerators are going to be taxed at 28%. As per the recent statistics, there are over 1211 goods and services falls under the GST rate slabs. Here are the stats and the percentage of the goods and services.

1. 8% of the goods and services are taxed at 0%
2. 12% of the goods and services are taxed at 5%
3. 19% of the goods and services are taxed at 15%
4. 48% of the goods and services are taxed at 18%
5. 16% of the goods and services are taxed at 28%

However, GST is the combination of taxes at the central and state level. The central level of taxes includes central excise duty, additional excise duty, service tax, countervailing duty, and special additional duty of customs. The state level of taxes include state value added tax, entertainment tax, entry tax, purchase tax, and luxury tax. One main objective of GST is to eliminate all the double taxation which was applied before. The GST tax structure will have two components which include the tax that is levied by the center (referred as CGST) and the other tax which is levied by the states (SGST). CGST and SGST will be applicable to all transactions of goods and services which are made for consideration except the exempted goods and services.

By following the GST transparency system, there are quite a lot of benefits that include:

1. Reduces the transaction costs and unnecessary wastages.
2. The multiplicity of taxation can be eliminated.
3. Single tax system.
4. Reduces unnecessary tax burdens.
5. Reduces corruption.

Apart from the above-stated rates, there will also be a considerable change in the prices of products. Let’s take an example which shows the tax structure before GST. Consider an apparel where the manufacturer buys the raw material worth of Rs.100 which is inclusive of Rs.10 as taxes. Now, the manufacturer will add a value of Rs.30 to the made apparel and the gross value will become Rs.130, and a tax of 10% i.e. Rs.13 will be applied which sums up to Rs.143 (Rs.130 + Rs.13) and it will be sold to a wholesaler. The wholesaler will add a margin of Rs.20 and the dress will costs now at Rs. 163 (Rs.143 + Rs.20) and adds a tax of 10% (Rs.16.30) and dress costs at Rs. 179.30 (Rs.163 + Rs.16.30). Now it's the turn of the retailer to buy this dress and adds Rs. 10 as his margin, where the cost will increase to Rs.189.30 with an additional tax of 10% i.e. Rs. 18.93 and costs around Rs. 208.23 (Rs. 189.30 + Rs. 18.93). the total tax paid on one single apparel is about Rs.58.23 that includes the tax of Rs.10+13+16.30+18.93.

Now, here comes the cost of the apparel after the GST is applied. Consider an apparel where the manufacturer buys the raw material worth of Rs.100 which is inclusive of Rs.10 as taxes. Now, the manufacturer will add a value of Rs.30 to the made apparel and the gross value will become Rs.130, considering the tax rate 10% has to be applied but this 10% I.e Rs.13 can be offset against the tax paid on raw materials so, the effective tax will be Rs. 3 (Rs.13-Rs.10). Now, the dress will be sold to the wholesaler at Rs. 130 as there is no tax on the tax. The wholesaler will add his margin of Rs. 20 and the effective cost will be Rs.150 (Rs.130 + Rs. 20). and the tax of 10% would be applied which is of Rs.15. This Rs.15 as tax will be offset against Rs. 13 tax that is paid earlier and the wholesaler will need to pay Rs.2 (Rs. 15-Rs.13). The retailer now buys the dress at Rs. 150 and adds a margin of Rs.10 and the cost will increase to Rs.160. On this, the tax of 10% applies where it will offset on previous tax of Rs.15 that is paid earlier. The tax incident will be Rs.1 (Rs.16-Rs.15). Here comes the total price of the apparel- Rs.166, where the tax paid is Rs. 16 (Rs.10+3+2+1).

GST Registration And Procedure

After a long wait, the Indian government is here with all new and updated GST laws. By registering GST there are chances to eliminate the cascading effects of other taxes. As the prices of goods and services will fall, and there will be a steady flow of input tax credit. This GST will make every sector into an organized sector by eliminating the loopholes which are present earlier.

Before you start GST registration, let’s know why it is important to get GST registration? The answer is simple, it will enable to avail various benefits which are under GST regime. The main benefit is to get seamless input tax credit. The multiple taxes which were present earlier are waved off and now there is no more confusion regarding the taxes what we are paying. So, the confusion about various taxes are cleared by one single tax- GST. There are over 8 million taxpayers and everyone will be allotted with the GSTIN (Goods and Services Tax Identification Number). And this number is an unique number which will be useful for further references. There will also be penalties charged by government for not registering under GST. The penalty will be charged at 10% of the tax due and it may go as high as 100% if it is proved as deliberate fraud.

As we all know that GST registration is important and before you apply go through the list which is given below to know who can register GST.

• Every business is eligible for GST registration where the threshold limit is above Rs. 20lacs (earlier is Rs. 10 lacs) and for northeastern states the threshold limit is Rs. 10lacs.
• Any person or entity who was earlier registered under any of the indirect tax regimes like service tax, VAT, etc.
• Persons who are making inter-state taxable supplies.
• Operations in multiple business verticals in the same state.
• Having operations in multiple states.
• Any taxable person.
• Persons who are paying tax under reverse charge.
• Taxpayers who need to deduct tax at source.
• Agents of a supplier.
• Businesses or persons who supply goods or services through e-commerce operator.
• E-commerce operator who offers services under its own name.

If a person is holding various /multiple businesses in a particular state, then he needs to register for each business separately. For example, if he hold 10 businesses, then he is supposed to do 10 GST registration. For every single registration , he needs to submit PAN.

Taxpayers who were earlier registered with central excise, service tax assessees and VAT will be migrated to GST. All the migrants will be provided with a provisional ID card and password by CBEC/State Commercial Tax Departments. Also the provisional ID will be provided to the people who have a valid PAN associated with their registration. There are also few exemptions that provisional ID would not be allotted, like:

• If the PAN associated with the registration found to be not valid.
• The PAN which is associated with State Tax authority and Provisional ID has been supplied by the said State Tax authority.
• If there are multiple CE/ST registrations on the same PAN in a State.

The government of India has set a particular limit for the taxpayers (person or entity) with respect to their total aggregate turnover. The person or the entities who fall under this particular criteria are exempted from not registering GST. There are other few exemptions for the eligibility criteria that include the taxpayers whose turnover of less than Rs. 20lacs is exempted from tax. This aggregate turnover includes the total value of all the non-GST/non-taxable supplies, nil-rated supplies, and good/services.

There are few exemptions under GST registration which are stated by the government of India. Few of the tax payers are exempted based on the nature of the business.

• Agriculturists
• Taxpayers who are falling under the threshold exemption limit.
• Persons providing nil-rated or exempt supplies of goods and services.
• Persons providing non-GST supplies of goods and services.
• Persons carrying out the activities which do not fall under the supply of goods and services.
• Persons making only the supplies which are covered under the reverse charge.

The government has given an exemption for the small businesses and the taxpayers who are having a turnover of fewer than Rs.75 lacs. These businesses can opt for the composition scheme where they will be taxed at a very nominal rate of maximum 2.5%. all they have to do is file the quarterly returns instead of the monthly returns. And they cannot collect the tax from the customers in the form of taxable invoices. Persons who are engaged in the supply of services, people who supply goods which are not leviable to tax under this GST, people who make the supply of goods through any e-commerce operator, and persons who are a manufacturer of any such goods are not eligible to claim the composition scheme.

• Log in to the new GST portal through the following link (https://www.gst.gov.in/)
• Fill the Part A registration form with PAN number, mobile number, and email ID and file the application.
• After submitting the application form, ARN (acknowledgment reference number) will generate and the number will be sent to the registered mobile number and email ID.
• Then fill the Part B with ARN and submit/attaching all the required documents with authentication.
• After submitting Part A and Part B, a certificate of registration would be issued by the government.
• In the case of any errors, please visit the particular department with necessary documents.

Note: GST registration date is extended and will re-open on 25th June 2017 and will continue for 3 months.

As GST is going to be implemented from 1st of July, 2017 there has to be registration done beforehand to avoid the inconvenience. The person or the entity who are eligible are required to register GST along with few documents which are mandatory. For person ID proof, they can submit PAN, driving license, passport, aadhaar card or voter ID card. And for the address proof, documents like passport, aadhaar card, voter ID card, ration card or driving license can be submitted.

For company or business registration, the proof of business registration is mandatory for any type of entity. Apart from this, there are other documents which have to be submitted.

• PAN card of the company.
• Registration certificate of the company.
• Memorandum of Association (MOA) or Articles of Association (AOA) of the company.
• A copy of bank statement of the company.
• Declaration to comply.
• A copy of board resolution.
• PAN card and ID proof of the director.
• A copy of landline/water bill/electricity bill of the business place.
• No objection certificate of the owner.
• Rental agreement.

In the case of LLP/partnership, the incorporation certificate from MCA (Ministry Of Corporate Affairs) is mandatory. Apart from the stated certificate, there are other documents which has to be submitted.

• PAN card of the company.
• Partnership agreement.
• A copy of bank statement of LLP/Partnership.
• Registration certificate.
• A copy of board resolution.
• PAN card and ID proof of the director.
• A copy of landline/water bill/electricity bill of the business place.
• No objection certificate of the owner.
• Rental agreement.

The persons who can apply for the GST on behalf of their property are proprietor, managing/designated partners, karta, managing trustee, CEO or any person who is in charge.

• PAN and ID proof of the individual.
• A copy of canceled cheque.
• Bank statement.
• Declaration to comply with the provision.
• A copy of landline/water bill/electricity bill of the business place.
• No objection certificate of the owner.
• Rental agreement.

• If there are any changes to be made in the registration form, then within 15 days submit an application with changes made along with the related documents.
• Any changes related to business name change, addition or deletion or alteration or any person's name with respect to directors or any responsible person to the entity will affect the change in all the registrations.
• If there is any change in the constitution of the business then it will affect change in the PAN of a registered person.

GST Rules

When it comes to the GST rules, there are various categories under the rules. These include the Composition Rules, Valuation Rules, Transition Rules, ITC Rules, Invoice Rules, Payment Rules, Refund Rules, Registration Rules and Return Rules. The major rules are explained below:

• Composition Rules This rule provides all the information about the procedural compliance. The procedural compliance includes the intimation for Composition Scheme, the effective date for levy, conditions, and restrictions on the levy, validity of levy and rate of tax.
• Valuation Rules This rule includes the supply of goods or services for the consideration not wholly in money. The value of the supply includes:
  • The open market value of supplies.
  • If an open market value is not available, then the sum total of consideration in money and any further amount of money which is equivalent to the consideration not in money will be considered.
  • If the value of supply is not determinable under any of the conditions like clause (1) or clause (2), then the value of supply of goods or services or both of like kind and quality will be considered.
  • If value is not determinable under clause (1) or clause (2) or clause (3), then the sum total of consideration in money and such further amount of money that is equivalent to consideration not in money as determined by the application.
• Transition Rules Any business which is in an ongoing process or working mostly for 365 days of the year is eligible for transition rules. For such businesses, the goods which are under the transit is a regular occurrence with goods that are sent from factory to a branch, or to the buyer regularly. This incident may happen on any given day and one can see delivery trucks plying goods on highways. In such cases, GST transition rules apply.
• ITC Rules In simple terms, IT means Input Tax Credit. This is related to the taxable person, which means GST will be charged on any supply of goods and/or services to him which are used or are intended to be used in his business. ITC is considered to be the backbone of the GST and decides the eligibility criteria of the registered persons.
• Invoice Rules Under GST rule, there has to be invoicing which needs to be done properly following all the guidelines and formats. These include supplier’s name, shipping and billing address, HSN (Harmonized System of Nomenclature) Code, place of supply, rate.

Impact of GST on all sectors

1. On Fruits and Vegetables/Agricultural sector

Under the Traditional Tax Regime, fresh agricultural produce like that of fruits and vegetables were exempt from taxes - VAT, excise duty, CST, etc. Services related to agricultural operations - supply of farm labor, the processes followed in the agricultural farms, packing, storage, loading, unloading, agricultural extension services, warehousing, etc have always been exempt from all kinds of Service Tax in India. Under the new tax regime which is GST, the tax rate on Fruits and Vegetables will be:

i) 0% GST on Fruits and Vegetables

• Fresh vegetables such as potatoes, cabbage, onion, tomatoes, carrot, beetroots, cauliflower, garlic and so on
• Fresh and citrus fruits such as lemon, coconut, guavas, bananas, grapefruit, apples, peaches, pineapples, mangoes, oranges, cherries, etc
• Dry fruits such as pistachios, hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, etc

So, there will be no taxes on kind of fresh and unprocessed goods, which are bought directly from either agriculturists or retailers

ii) 5% GST on Fruits and Vegetables

• Any kinds of frozen and chilled fruits and vegetables, cooked and uncooked
• All kinds of preserved nuts, vegetables and fruits
• Areca nuts or suparee which is highly sought after in India

iii) 12% GST on Fruits and Vegetables

• All kinds of juices, be it vegetable or fruits
• All kinds of peeled and shelled dry fruits

The present rate of tax to be paid for this kind of food item is 5%

iv) 18% GST on Fruits and Vegetables

• Preserves such as fruits and jellies, purees made from nuts and other vegetables and fruits and pastes

These food items too are currently under the 5% tax rate

With the introduction of the new GST, the market will be highly favourable for the agricultural industry. However, the 12 and 18% GST will make the market lots more unfavourable for the FMCG companies.

2. On the Tobacco Industry

India is considered to be the second biggest consumer of tobacco, with a whopping number of 275 million users throughout the country. As a result, India also experiences the highest rate of oral cancer. To control this, the Indian government had revised the Excise Duty rates several times in the past decade. However, the locally manufactured bidi has mostly been exempt from the same till date. At present, the Excise Duty charged on manufacturing of tobacco based items are 64% on Cigarette, 22% on Bidi and 81% on Chewing Products. With the GST, things are going to change.

All kinds of tobacco related items that are manufactured will attract a tax of 28%. Besides this, there will be an additional cess charged on all kinds of tobacco products. For:

• Cigar and cigarillos the extra cess will be 21% or Rs. 4.170 on each and every piece
• Chewing tobacco (with lime tube) the extra cess to be levied will be 142%
• Chewing tobacco (without lime tube) the extra cess to be levied will be 160%

Although, the effect of this extra cess won’t make too large a difference for the tobacco industry, it is certainly going to be expensive for the consumers, which is a good thing.

3. On Hospitality and Restaurant sector

With the introduction of GST, operations for the hospitality sector and the restaurants are supposed to become more defined. The main problem that customers face at present at the restaurants is the multi-faceted tax payments, which gets added to the bill. These include the VAT of 12 to 14.5%, the service tax of 6% and the extra service charge (indirect taxes). As a result, consumers are required to pay more than he/she is actually supposed to. This definitely leaves a bitter aftertaste, is it not?

With the introduction of the GST this time, these will get consolidated into a single tax. However, the rate would be different for different establishments, which are:

• 12% for the non-AC and no alcohol serving restaurants, which used to be in the range of 13 to 14%
• 18% for the AC and alcohol serving restaurants, which used to be 22%
• 28% for the five star restaurants, which used to be 18%

The business experts has spelt out positive reviews regarding this change, however only time will tell if the newest tax regime is going to do good to the consumers or if it is going to be worse than before.

4. On the Electricity and Power Sector

The electricity and power sector depends a lot on the coal, kerosene, bio-gas and other such kinds of fuel prices. And the best part about the soon to be rolled out GST tax regime is that coal, which is considered to be one of the major thermal sources for power generation, would fall under the lower slab GST. It will be taxed at 5 %, which is otherwise currently taxed at a rate of 11.7%. However, there will be additional cess charged on coal. As a result of the latest GST rates that would be introduced soon, the cost of coal is supposed to decrease by a considerable amount.

• The coal costs are supposed to decrease by around Rs. 100 to Rs. 150 all across the country.
• This will also result in a drop of the electricity prices by 6 to 7 paise per unit.

Besides the lowered cost of electricity, the decreased coal prices are also supposed to have a beneficial effect on the steel industry. This will be stabilising the cost of steel. It may also help in furthering the development of the production and goods industry as power plays a significant role in the same.

5. On the Aviation Industry

In a developing country like India, the Aviation industry is one of the most rapidly growing sectors and it reaps good profit every fiscal year. With the introduction of GST, the industry fears that it will lose out on a good amount of profit. Under the current Tax and VAT regime, the rates on ticket fares are as follows:

• 5.6% Service Tax on the Economy Class tickets
• 8.4% Service Tax on the Business Class tickets

However, with the introduction of the GST rates list, the tax rates will be revised to:

• 5% for the Economy Class
• 12% for the Business Class

This is definitely going to be easier on the pockets of the common man and the aviation industry is likely to experience increased sales post GST (in case of domestic flights).

6. On the Entertainment Industry

Entertainment is a major part of our lives and most of the people are ready to shell out quite a good amount, when it comes to entertainment. So, how will GST affect this industry? Currently taxes on the entertainment industry are levied by the states, which averages at 30% and the range being in between 0 to 110%. State Wise list of entertainment tax at present:

As for the food items bought at places of entertainment, the service tax charged are:

The latest GST rates in India, which will be introduced soon is going to change all of these. Take a look how:

The Service Tax on food and beverage will come down from 23.5% to 18%, which means the cost of going to a movie will be lower in the near future.

7. On Luxury Items

Luxury Items are costly and that is why the name. No doubt, these kind of products will attract higher tax brackets. The soon to be implemented GST rates in India will make luxury items costlier for you. Let us see HOW:

• The GST tax slab for the luxury items is going to be 28%

• As per the proposed GST regulations, the CESS cap on luxury goods will be 15% (additional to the GST slab)

• There can be surges on this CESS rate and as a result, the GST rate can even go upto 43%

However, the most surprising part in this category are the products, which have been included under it. For example, products that were considered to be essential commodities previously have now been out under the list of luxury goods. These are shampoos, after shaving gel, shaving foams, butter, mustard, coffee and all other kinds of condiments. The fact that yachts, private jets and even mobiles (considering today’s choice of smartphones) are considered to be luxury items is relatable, but that shampoos and shaving items or even butter can find a place in this list is surprising!

8. On the Mutual Fund Industry

The effect of GST on the Mutual Fund industry is going to be quite big and definitely it is not going to be easy either for those offering the investment services or for the investors in any way. But yes, the consumers may have to pay more than what they do now. At present, the service tax levied on mutual Fund investments is 15%. Till now there has been no concrete data on the tax percentage. However, as per reports:

The tax to be levied may range in between the 18 to 22 percent tax bracket.

9. On businesses mainly startups and e-commerce

GST is supposed to bring a radical change in the market involving small businesses and ecommerce, actually for good. The reasons for it are HERE:

• Revenue system will get simpler - At present startups are required to spend a good amount of time on managing taxes at various levels. GST simplifies this entire procedure, thereby helping startups find more time for business management.

• Both sales and services taxation will be consolidated - At present, VAT and service tax for sales and services are separate. So, if an establishment such as a restaurant deals in both sales and services, the total tax to be paid shoots up by a considerable amount. With GST, everything is going to be consolidated.

• New businesses will enjoy higher exemptions - GST increased the turnover value of startups from 5 lakhs to 10 lakhs who needs to get VAT enlistment and pay the same. And for those who have a turnover in between Rs. 10 to Rs. 50 lakhs, will enjoy lower tax rates.

• Higher liquidity values - For most of the startups liquidity has been an issue, always. With GST, getting funding would be easier for the otherwise bootstrapped companies.

• Cost and time required for logistics will reduce - GST will remove the cascading effect of tax, which will help in the interstate development of transportation of goods as well. This will reduce the cost of the logistics and the time for it as well.

So, starting and managing a business is going to get simpler with GST.

How Will GST Affect You?

Under the current tax regime, the taxes are levied by both the state and central government at different points, which is a highly complex system. And as a result, most of the taxpayers end up paying more than what is expected. For example, when a dress is manufactured, the central government collects indirect taxes on the same. And when a customer buys the dress, the state government levies taxes, eventually making the product costlier for the customer. GST looks to eliminate this cascading effect of tax. If you are a business, the elimination of the cascading effect of tax is definitely going to help you. As for the customers, GST will definitely prove to be helpful as the final price of goods will be lowered considerably.

However, everything has something good and bad in it and GST is no different. Although, a uniform tax system will be followed throughout the country once GST rolls out, it may have its fresh set of complexities. What will these be that only time can tell. But, as of now GST is going to help you, irrespective of you being a consumer of product and service provider.

GST Tax Rates In India - Item Wise

GST tax rates : Category and Item Wise

• No Tax Or 0% GST Category Both physical products and services fall under this category. The ITEMS that fall under this category are all kinds of unprocessed food items and several other everyday products (manufactured):
  • Fresh fruits
  • Fresh vegetables
  • Milk, Buttermilk and curd
  • Fresh meat, fish and chicken and eggs
  • Natural honey
  • Hulled cereal grains, Flour, Besan, Bread and Papad
  • Salt
  • Bindi, sindoor, kajal and bangles
  • Handloom items
  • Newspapers

  The SERVICES that fall under this category are: l Grandfathering services l Hotels and lodges that cost less than Rs. 1000 However, Rough semi-precious and precious stones will attract a GST rate of 0.25%.

• 5% GST Category Both physical products and services fall under this category. The ITEMS that fall under this category are again mostly the everyday and all kinds of packaged items:
  • Apparel below Rs. 1000
  • Footwear below Rs. 500
  • Processed food products such as fish fillet, Frozen vegetables, Branded paneer
  • Skimmed milk powder and cream
  • Coffee and tea
  • Spices
  • Coal, kerosene and bio-gas
  • Medicines and insulin

  The SERVICES that fall under this category are:

  • Small restaurants that have petroleum as their main support, which doesn’t fall under the ambit of GST
  • Transport services including railways and air transport
• 12% GST Category Both physical products and services fall under this category. The ITEMS that fall under this category are:
  • Apparel above Rs. 1000
  • Frozen meat products
  • Butter and Ghee
  • Packaged dry fruits
  • Fruit juices
  • Namkeens
  • Ketchup and sauces
  • Board games such as ludo, carrom
  • Serving tools
  • Ayurvedic medicines and diagnostic kits
  The SERVICES that fall under this category are:
  • Non-AC hotels
  • Business class air tickets
  • Work contracts
  • State run lotteries
  • Fertilisers
• 18% GST Category Under this category as well, there are both physical products and services. The ITEMS that fall under this category are:
  • Footwear costing more than Rs. 500
  • Jams and other kinds of preserves
  • Mineral water
  • Tissues
  • Electronic goods such as refrigerators and smartphones
  • Cameras
  • Soaps, oil and toothpaste
  • Bamboo furniture
  • Steel products
  • Sanitary napkins and tampons
  • Aluminum foil
  The SERVICES that fall under this category are:
  • AC hotels that also serve liquor
  • IT and telecom services
  • Branded garments
  • Restaurants that are part of five star hotels
  • Room tariffs in between Rs. 2, 500 to 7, 5000
• 28% GST Category This category too includes both products and services. HERE’S a division of the same:- The ITEMS that fall under this category are:
  • Tobacco based products, pan masalas, chewing gums
  • Chocolates not containing cocoa
  • Aerated water
  • Shampoos, aftershaves and deodorants
  • Electronic items washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners
  • Automobiles and motorcycles
  The SERVICES that fall under this category are:
  • Private run lotteries but authorised by the states
  • Hotel rooms with tariffs more than Rs. 7, 500 and 5 star hotels
  • Movie theaters
  • Race club bettings

How Will GST Affect The E-commerce Industry?

E-commerce is one of the fastest moving industries in India today. It gained an extra amount of traction with the introduction of the demonetisation policy by the Indian government. Whether it is going to profit from the introduction of the newest GST rules is a debatable question. Goods and services tax regime is looking to do away with the notoriety associated with the indirect tax policies. With its introduction of GST, there will be a fundamental change in the business process.

The challenges that e-commerce companies amy face are:

• The total income will be highly influenced by the tax collection by operators, at source.
• ITC or Input Tax Credit that e-commerce businesses benefit from relies basically on the vendors. If the vendor files monthwise tax returns and make full payments on tax due, it becomes easier for the online stores to profit through ITC. Now with the introduction of the GST, if the vendor refuses to comply with the same process, the income stream for the stores will definitely be affected.

However, there will be a considerable decrease in the costs of managing an online business as the cascading tax effect will be eliminated. It will also be less stressful to work together as the taxation system is going to be clear than ever, be it on the expenses collected or the web based exchanges made by the businesses.

How Will GST Affect The Startups?

In the past decade and more, India has come to be recognised as one of the greatest hubs for the budding entrepreneurs. However, starting a business is definitely not an easy task. And even if you do, with all the compliance related tasks, logistics and then the taxes, the whole process becomes really stressful. As the GST is going to be rolled out soon, it is supposed to make the logistics process, taxation and more easier for the startups. So, let us see how:

• The registration process is going to become simpler. VAT registration is a must for new businesses, which can be a dampener for a newbie. Besides, the fee for this registration is different in different states. However, with GST the registration fee is going to become common for one and all. And the startups will have to get a single license, irrespective of the state and states they will be functioning in.
• Taxation is going to be simpler as well. Just like the registration process, taxation is going to be simpler as well. HOW? Now, if you are going to start a business, it becomes a task to keep a track of the number of taxes to be paid by you. The taxation rules are different for different states, making the whole process complex. As GST will come into effect, all the indirect taxes will be put off and every startup will have to pay only one tax in a combined form. This will not only help save money, but also time and energy at the same time.
• Logistics will be improved along with the simplified registration and taxation. Logistics has always been a headache for all the startups, mainly because of the taxation system. However, it is not only the money that flows out with respect to logistics. WIth the not so necessary checks at the border of each state, there is a delay in the delivery of the product. Yet, the customer is the one who needs to pay more, be it through money or through time. Unlike big names, startups cannot get all the things done in a single day, which helps avoid the extra charge on inter-state transit. GST is looking to do away this complexity.

The challenges of GST for the startups:

• Businesses dealing in manufacturing with less than Rs. 1.5 crore turnover enjoy duty free business. However, with GST, the exemption limit is going to come down to Rs. 25 lakhs, thereby making it hard for lots of small businesses.
• Startups in the e-commerce sector will be required to file monthly and quarterly returns after the introduction of goods and services tax. This will making the compliance issues complicated. These companies will also be required to collect taxes from portal, but that won’t be easy as there are lots of vendors they need to manage.
• In the e-commerce industry, there is no difference between the aggregators and operators. While the operators are supposed to pay taxes, the aggregators are exempted from it. Determining the same is going to be tough for the online startups.

Impact Of GST On Economy

GST has been designed to help the economy. However, only time can tell if it is going to help in the growth of the economy or not. There might not be any immediate jump in the growth of the economy, though it is expected that GST will eventually provide a boost in the financial ongoings of our country. According to DK Joshi, the chief economist of Crisil, mentioned the probable effect of GST on our economy, which is - “It’s not optimal, but let the best not be the enemy of the good. Even with its imperfections, it could usher in significant benefits, especially through a quantum leap in transaction trails and logistical efficiencies.” What will be the immediate effects of Goods and Services Tax on the Indian economy:

1. Inflation will be low - On one hand, as the GST rates in India will be low on the essential goods, inflation is supposed to remain at a low. On the other hand, it is highly likely that the tax burden will increase since GST equals to stricter tax compliance. As a result of this, companies would try to pass on the costs to the consumers. According to Soumya Kanti Ghosh, the chief economic advisor at the State Bank of India, the “Services sector component in CPI is around 20%, whereas they account for almost 50% of the total consumption basket in the economy.” “Hence, GST implementation on CPI impact will be minimal. We estimate that GST will have neutral impact on headline CPI,” he adds. Services like that of transportation, health, education, etc does not come under the ambit of GST. On an average, the inflation may hover around 4 to 4.5% during the years 2017 to 2018.


2. The corporate operation will have to be completely re-organized - “While the impact on companies varies following existence of production units in the excise exempted zones, implementation of GST should result in cost savings in the supply chain network and expedite a shift from unorganized to organized trade,” said Jeffries, a brokerage firm. Now, businesses will have to ask the suppliers to provide invoices, for no organization can evade tax under the GST regime. In some cases, the smaller firms who doesn’t have a proper supply chain order may have to spend more on compliance costs, but bigger companies are likely to benefit from the same.


3. Doubt regarding the lower tax benefit being passed on - Most of the companies after the introduction of the latest GST rates will benefit from lowered taxes. However, there are doubts if the companies will pass on the lower tax benefits to the consumers. There are high chances that the corporates would try to retain some of the benefits for example the benefits made through the seamless flow of the business and the costs of managing the logistics.


4. RBI may not cut rates immediately - According to the market analysts, RBI may not cut the interest rates of policies. It will keep a watch on the effect of GST and its acceptance throughout and then bring any changes is necessary.

Benefits Of GST

• The service tax paid on input services for manufacturing a product is more than the VAT on output. GST helps eliminate this.
• At present businesses with a turnover of more than Rs. 5 lakhs is liable for VAT.
• But, for service tax, service providers with less than Rs. 10 lakhs of turnover are exempted from the same. WIth GST, the threshold will be increased to Rs 20 lakhs, helping many small traders.
• The turnover bracket for small businesses with turnovers between Rs. 20-50 lakhs that used to have a composition scheme to pay lower taxes has been increased to Rs 75 lakhs. Tax burden would definitely be less.
• With the newest GST rules, logistics and inventory costs will fall helping small businesses
• Before GST, the total entertainment tax to be paid from the consumers end was Rs. 486 in Punjab and Rs. 666 in UP. After the latest GST roles out, it will be same for the states, which will be Rs. 561.

GST Updates: An Old Tax In A New Way

After a time period of sixteen years, the Indian government is here with the all new GST (goods and services tax) which is going to be implemented from July 1st, 2017. In simple terms, it is the all new indirect tax which will be collected on everything right from daily household item to the expensive luxury cars. The implementation of GST will be on everything irrespective of the products. So, here is the modern system of tax which is very transparent, clear and not complicated. These tax will generate the revenue which the country needs for the development and implementation of the new rules and plans.

This new GST system is the amalgamation of the old taxes in a different format. GST is going to be implemented on more than 1200 categories of goods and services, where the tax slabs are at 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. There are certainly other products that fall under the special category of taxes where the additional cess will be applied. The luxury products, tobacco, aerated drinks are falling under this category. And an essential goods and services like Electricity and real estate are going to remain the same. And over half of the items will be taxed at 18% or 28% of GST. The GST will be imposed at 18% on essential products like soaps and washing soaps. It will be high in the pockets of the movie buffs where they are going to pay 18% GST and on some other movies, it is going to be 28% depending on the price of a cinema ticket.

This GST is going to be rolled out in 29 states including the seven union territories. There will be no more VAT implemented on any goods and services. The centre and state government taxes will be waived off. Moreover, every state will impose a tax and will decide how much GST should be collected on any particular goods and services. All the confusions regarding the same GST will be cleared in few days.

GST FAQs Asked By Taxpayers

GST or goods and services tax is going to bring a paradigm shift in the Indian economy and the financial status of the people and organizations in the country. But, tax has always been a complex affair. So, the Central Board of Excise and Customs has tried answering all your queries so that you can have all your doubts cleared.

1. Will a rental income of up to 20 lacs attract GST or is there any other kind of charges involved?

GST is applicable only when the aggregate turnover (any form of income made through provision of goods or services) is more than Rs. 20 lakhs (The aggregate turnover amount is Rs. 10 lacs in 11 of the  special category states). In order to calculate the aggregate, turnover of all supplies will be taken into consideration.

2. If a person deals only in 0% GST items such as pulses and grains and if the turnover is more than Rs. 20 lakhs, is it necessary to register for GST?

Irrespective of the turnover amount, any person dealing in100% exempted items is not liable for GST. So, registration can be given a miss.

3. Is it true that a person dealing exclusively in completely exempt goods or services will be liable to register in case the supplies turnover is more than Rs. 20 or 10 lakhs?

As said before, irrespective of the aggregate turnover, if a person is dealing in either completely exempt goods or services, he/she will not be liable to register under GST.

4. I f I register for GST voluntarily and if my turnover is much less than Rs. 10 or 20 Lakhs, would I be required to make tax payments against the 1st supply post the registration?

In case you register, irrespective of the turnover amount, you would be considered as any other taxable person.

5. Will the value of inward supplies with respect to which RCM is payable be considered for calculating the aggregate turnover?

This query can be cleared by referring to Section 2(6) of the CGST Act. The calculation of aggregate turnover is not supposed to include the value of the inward supplies. The tax on this is payable on the basis of reverse charge.

6. What will happen if a dealer migrates with a wrong PAN number as the status of the firm got changed from that of proprietorship to partnership?

A new registration will have to be done as the partnership firm is supposed to have a new PAN.

7. What will happen in case of a person whose income is taxable and the business functions in more than one state (given that the supplies are below Rs. 10 lakhs)? Inter State supply from one state is involved as well. Will the person be liable for registration?

In case the aggregate turnover (all over in India) is more than Rs. 20 lakhs or if the business involves inter-state supplies, he or she would be liable to register.

8. Are we supposed to use the provisional GSTIN or will we get a new GSTIN? In case a new one needs to be used, can we go on using the provisional GSTIN till the new one is issued?

Provisional GSTIN (PID) will be converted into a new GSTIN within a period of 90 days. Till that time, the provisional GSTIN can be used. The new GSTIN and PID would be the same.

9. Will a trader dealing in country liquor be required to migrate from VAT to GST, since liquor is out of the ambit of the GST law?

If a person deals in 100% supply of goods that are not a part of GST, no registration will be required.

10. Not liable to tax as mentioned u/s 23 of CGST means nil rated supply or abated value of supply?

For understanding the term “not liable to tax ”, please refer Section 2(78) of the CGST Act. It means the supplies that are not leviable under the CGST/SGST/IGST Act.

11. Will a civil contractor working on projects in different states require separate registration for the states he/she is working in or a single registration at the head office of the state he/she is in will do?

A civil contractor is a supplier of service. He/she needs to register at the place from where he/she is offering the services.

12. Will the turnover of supplies against which tax is payable by the recipient under reverse charge be considered for aggregating the final turnover of the supplier?

Only the outward supplies against which tax is to be paid on the reverse charge basis by the recipient shall be included for aggregating the final turnover of the supplier.

13. Will two registrations be necessary if there are two SEZ units in the same state?

To understand this query, please refer proviso to rule 8(1) of CGST Rules. All SEZs under same PAN within the same state require a single registration.

14. If an advocate is providing interstate supply that is chargeable under the Reverse Charge, will he/she be liable for registration?

Suppliers who deal in supplies against which the recipient is liable to discharge the GST under RCM, can enjoy an exemption from registration.

15. If a person is providing services from one state to another, is it necessary to register in that state as well? For example, will providing services from Nasik to another state require a registration?

If the services are being provided from Nasik, registration in Maharashtra and IGST on inter-state supplies is required.

16. Migration under GST is done, but I want an ISD registration. What is the procedure and can I apply now?

A new and separate registration for ISD is required. New registrations will open from 0800 hrs. on the 25.06.2017.

17. Although I have enrolled in GST, I forgot to enter the SAC codes and the status is showing migrated. What should I do now?

It can be added when you will be filling FORM REG-26 to convert the provisional ID to the final registration.

18. I have the ST number on an individual name and I have already migrated to GST. Now I want to transfer this onto my proprietorship firm. What needs to be done?

The conversion can be done while you will be filling FORM REG-26 for the purpose of converting your provisional ID to the final registration.

19. Will a separate GSTIN be allotted to a registered person in order to deduct the TDS (the person has both PAN and TAN)?

A separate registration for the tax deductor will be required.

20. Will a separate registration be required for trading and manufacturing the same entity within the same state?

A single registration is required per State for all the activities involved.

21. I have a registration in Tamil Nadu, but I am getting services from an unregistered dealer in Andhra Pradesh. Do I need to take registration in AP in order to discharge the GST under RCM?

Any person who deals in interstate supply that is taxable requires registration. So, in this case it is not you, but the AP dealer who needs to take registration and make the tax payments.

22. Under GST, is there any area based exemption concept?

No, there is no area based exemptions under GST.

23. If a business based in Maharashtra holds a single event in Delhi, will a registration in Delhi be necessary? Or will the IGST payment from Maharashtra do?

Only if any supply from Delhi is involved, you need to register in Delhi. Otherwise, Mumbai registration will be sufficient (IGST payment on supplies needs to be made from Mumbai to Delhi)

24. How much time is there to register under GST?

Any unregistered person has a 30 day time period to complete the registration formalities, starting from the date of liability to the obtainment of registration.

25. What will happen if I was registered under the Service Tax, but am not liable to register under GST?

Apply for a cancellation of the Provisional ID on or before the 31st of July, 2017.

26. Will the turnover of agents be added to the principal for registration?

No, it won ’t be.

27. I am not an existing taxpayer, but I want a new registration under GST. When can I do so?

You can apply for the new registration at the GST Portal gst.gov.in from 0800 hrs. on the 25th of June 2017.

28. I am registered under Service Tax and have a pending export refund under the same. What will happen?

All refunds under the earlier laws will be given with respect to the earlier laws.

29. I am an exporter. How can it be ensured that the working capital does not get blocked as refunds?

Appropriate provisions are in place and it involves provision for grant of 90 per cent refund on the provisional basis within a period of 7 days from the date of filing the registration.

30. How will GST impact coal? Will the clean energy Cess on coal be there or will it be done away with?

The Clean Environmental Cess on coal will get replaced by the GST Compensation Cess.

31. I am in the composition scheme in GST. What will happen if I purchase goods from an unregistered person? Will the GST be paid by me?

Yes, you will have to pay tax on the reverse charge basis for the supplies from an unregistered person.

32. Exactly what duties will be levied on the import of goods?

IGST and GST compensation cess has to be paid i.e. customs duty + customs cess + value of imported goods.

33. Under the current taxation system, export to Nepal has Service Tax but no Goods Tax? How will things change in the GST regime?

Export to Nepal will follow the same GST rules as export to any other country.  

34. How will the transactions related to SEZs happen in the GST regime? Will there be any exemptions?

The supplies to SEZs are rated at 0 as defined in the section 16 of IGST Act.

35. How will the sale and purchase of goods from SEZ and to SEZ be?

The supply of goods to SEZs is rated at 0 and the supplies from SEZs are considered imports.

36. What is the status of international export freight post GST roll out? It was exempt under the Place of Provision of Services (POPS) Rules.

It is rate at 0 in most countries. Place Of Supply (POS) for the transport of goods is determinable under section 12(8) or section 13(8) of the IGST Act, 2017. It depends upon the location of the service provider or receiver. Exports are treated 0 rated supplies.

37. When the products are procured from SEZ, who will pay IGST?

Supply of product from SEZ is considered import and under the present system a Countervailing Duty or CVD will have to be paid and under GST that will be replaced by IGST.

38. Who pays IGST on the goods from SEZ?

In the current scenario, the importer pays both CVD or Countervailing Duties and BCD or Basic Customs Duty. Supply from SEZ is treated as import and in place of CVD, IGST will be levied.

39. Can the SGST of Rajasthan charged by the supplier on purchase be used to pay for the  SGST in Madhya Pradesh?

No, the State GST of one state can ’t be used to pay off the output tax liability of another.

40. Can  the SGST credit be used to pay for the IGST on another state? State GST credit can be used to pay for the IGST liability for the same state provided you have the same and valid GSTIN.

41. Can I use State CGST to pay for another state ’s CGST?

The Central GST and State GST credit for a state can be used to payment the GST liability of that state alone, provided you have the same GSTIN.

42. Should credit for the service provided be given to the state where it is billed or where it's  rendered?

Tax will be levied and collected by the state where the deal is made. The supplier will then collect IGST and the buyer will receive GST credit.

43. If the company is engaged in manufacturing of cement and power which rule should be referred for reversal of credit when it comes to power business?

The company needs to refer to the Input Tax Credit Rules for reversal of credit while providing exempted and non-exempted supplies.

44. How can I report the credit/debit note of an unregistered dealer to GSTN and ITC claimed in the same?

Just like in the case of invoice, the credit/debit notes of the unregistered individual has to be provided by an already registered person. The GSTR2 gives you provision for reporting the same by the recipient.

45. If a shop sells taxable product and exempt product to the same buyer (B2C), is it necessary to issue the tax invoice and bill of the supplies separately?

The seller can issue one tax invoice for the taxable items and clearly mention the exempted good in the same invoice.

46. If I am a registered dealer, do I have to record Aadhaar/PAN details while selling products to other unregistered dealers?

No, under the GST act there is no such requirement for you to take down the Aadhaar / PAN details of the customer you ’re dealing with.

47. Are all expenses charged in sales invoice viz. Freight, transport, packing etc. taxable under GST? How does one charge in the bill?

Yes, all the expenses need to be included in value and the invoice needs to be issued according to that. Kindly refer to Section 15 of CGST Act and Invoice Rules.

48. Can the construction material sent to builders as a part of the delivery challan be moved and will the tax invoice be issued post completion?

Depends on what type of goods are in use. If they need to be provided during construction, then yes an invoice is a must. However, if they are tools that are to be used during construction then the delivery challan should be issued.

49. How are the following GST transactions treated? (i) Delivered supply shortages in Transit. (ii) Customer gets less quantity and pays less.

Under GST, the supplier or manufacturer might provide credit notes to the customer in turn adjusting his liability.

50. Does a self invoice need to be generated for GST liability discharge on RCM or will it be discharged through the expenses booking voucher?

You need to issue the RCM liabilities tax invoice on self.

51. What happens to the tax paid on the advance receipt when the advance has to be refunded in any of the circumstances?

The Advance amount will be adjusted in return.

52. Are registered dealers are required to upload the sale details of the unregistered dealers also in GST?

Usually there is no requirement to upload any of the documents. But if it is required in the case of inter-State supplies, they have to provide the invoice value of more than Rs 2.50 lakh.

53. How to incorporate two supplies in return for pharma which are having the same HSN code of four digits but they have different tax rates?

Returns provide for furnishing rate wise details.

54. Will the GST be will be discharged on all the reverse charge having small amounts of Transaction or any amount limit is there?

It will be decided where Rs 5,000 per day exemption is given with respect of supplies received from unregistered person. For any other supplies above the stated amount, a monthly consolidated bill can be raised.

55. What is the treatment carried for the promotional item that are given free to end consumers by FMCG companies?

The Tax will be charged only on the total price of the goods which are charged for the supply.

56. In the case POS which is in another state of the unregistered supplier, how to comply with 9(4) of CGST Act?

Any person who is making inter-state supply has to mandatorily obtain registration. Also, any in such cases, section 9(4) will not come into play.

57. In the case of the unregistered dealer the purchaser have to pay GST on RCM basis. In such cases, are the stipend paid to intern will also come under RCM?

The Stipend which is paid to interns will considered under the employer-employee transactions. Hence, not liable for GST.

58. Is the salary given by the partnership firm to partners under the Income Tax Act is liable to GST?

Salary will not be liable for GST.

59. Under the Sec 9(4) of CGST Act 2017. If I purchase stationary worth Rs.100 from an unregistered stationery shop? Do I need to pay under RCM.

As per the rules, it has been decided that rs. 5,000 per day is the exemption given in respect of supplies received from unregistered person.

60. What will be the status of the promotional items which are given to end consumers by FMCG companies? Will they be taxable?

Tax will be decided on considering the supply received.

61. In the case of the returnable packing material like drums supplied with finished goods, the GST will be applied or not?

GST will only be levied considering the value charged for the supply only.

62. What about the situation of the scrap be treated in GST?

If the goods are supposed to be disposed it will be considered as a supply.

63. I am from MP and I ’m carrying out the purpose of the providing service to a customer in Maharashtra. I outsource the work to a service provider in Maharashtra, what kind of the tax i need to charge?

Generally there will be two supplies where the supplier from MP will charge IGST from the recipient in Maharashtra. Whereas, the service provider in Maharashtra will charge IGST from the recipient in MP.

64. If the buyer is from Punjab and the place of supply is different (Rajasthan), then IGST will apply or CGST/SGST?

Intra-state supply and CGST / SGST will be applicable only when the place of supply and the location of the supplier are in same state.

65. Is cash held against a GSTIN, to be adjusted via return u/s 39, if the bifurcation of cash deposit as CGST-SGST-IGST required?

There are three different statutes and are required to be separately accounted for three different levies.

66. Please explain the difference between Nil rated', 'taxable at 0 per cent' and exempted goods and services?

When it comes to the ITC exempt supply it includes Nil rated which is taxable at zero per cent and non-taxable supplies and no ITC is available only for the such supplies.

67. After introducing of GST, is the professional tax will be abolished in Maharashtra?

In general terms, the professional tax is not a tax on supply of goods or services. Professional tax not subsumed in GST.

68. If the employer is offering any of the services like bus service, meal coupon, telephone at residence, gives vehicle for official and personal use, uniform and shoes, will there be any GST?

In such cases, the value of the goods will be estimated and no GST will apply till value of such gifts exceeds Rs 50,000 in a financial year.

69. The definition of composite supply and the description of same under Section 8 is different from one another. Explain the consequences.

Composite supply will be defined by the Section 2(30). When it comes to the treatment for tax rate etc will be that of principal supply that is stated in Section 8.

70. Considering the slump sale, will there be any GST? If present please explain in which section?

It will be treated as the normal supply.

71. Salary paid by the Partnership firm to other Partners as per Income Tax Act liable to GST comes under what?

Partners are not considered as the employees of the firm and the salary will not be leviable of GST.

72. How do I avail transition credit?

By filling the respective forms under transition rules upto September 30, 2017, Transition credit can be availed.

73. Please provide the clarity on area based exemption 50/2003 in UK and HP.

The areas which are based exemptions cannot be continued under GST. Those will be operated through the route of reimbursement as prescribed.

74. What is the status of the dealers stock, when we are manufacturers of the excisable goods? But unit availed the exception benefits 50/2003.

The dealer can waive a deemed credit at the rate of 40 per cent / 60 per cent of the CGST. This will be paid on supply of such goods in GST. If the goods are branded and generally if they are greater than Rs 25,000, full credit using CTD can be availed.

75. If the turnover of the manufacturer is below 1.5cr, and the trader buys anything from the manufacturer. Then in such situations, can the trader take ITC on stock up to 40 per cent?

Yes, deemed credit can be available subject to satisfaction of other conditions as prescribed.

76. As of July 1, 2017, can I claim credit of full excise duty. I am a trader and I have excise paid against the purchase.

Under the Section 140(3) of the CGST Act, full transition credit of such duty will be available on stock in hand.

77. If I have purchased from the manufacturer and also I have a documents for the same. Will I get full excise credit or 40 per cent of CGST?

Full transition credit of such duty will be available on stock in hands under Section 140(3) of the CGST Act.

78. In the case of excise duty, if FSD purchases directly from manufacturer and has value cum excise duty and excise duty is not separately shown will he get full credit?

Full transition credit of such duty will be available on stock in hand under Section 140(3) of the CGST Act.

79. If the full excise duty is available to the traders who purchases directly from the manufacturers and excise is separately shown in invoice?

Full transition credit of such duty will be available on stock in hand under Section 140(3) of the CGST Act.

80. As of June 17, the VAT return has carried no amount and was held stock of Rs 50 lakh. Then can we take credit of that stock or not?

The supplier can go ahead to proceed the carry forward the closing balance of ITC from VAT return for June 17.

81. What happens to the closing stock which was already paid VAT on 1st July?

The supplier will be eligible to carry forward ITC on such stock from VAT return for June 17.

82. If in VAT return refund claimed in June 17 and no balance credit in GST. Then what's the position of submission of Form C.

Refund claimed under existing law will be handled as per the provisions of the existing law. Form C to be submitted in terms of provision of Rule 1(1) of Transition Rules.

83. If the invoice is raised on July 5, 2017 for the service which was provided on June 28, 2017, then which tax has to be paid?

If the invoice is generated after appointed date, then GST will be chargeable on such supply.

84. If the Capital Goods in transit is received post GST, will we be eligible for credit on Capital Goods?

No provision will be given in such credit as per the GST law.

85. What will be the status of the pending VAT balance on the transition date?

The Balance VAT credit will be transferred to new provisional ID as SGST Credit.

86. What about deemed export against Form H?

There is no Form H in GST.

87. What is the situation of tax difference balance as of on closing stocks as on June 30, 2017? Who will bear the tax difference the manufacturer/dealer or government?

The closing ITC in VAT return will be eligible to carry forward the GST.

88. If the billing on spare parts is done, then what about the input credit on stock in hand from other state, excise, CST and entry tax paid ?

For whatever may be the inputs, the duty which is paying for the documents available with respect to CGST/SGST credit will be available. But credit of CST will not be available.

89. If the turnover of the manufacturer is below 1.5cr, and the trader buys anything from the manufacturer. Then in such situations, can the trader take ITC on stock up to 40 per cent?

Yes, deemed credit can be available subject to satisfaction of other conditions as prescribed.

90. Am I eligible for the credit of duty paid on Capital Goods in transit and received post GST?

There is no such provision in GST.

91. Will there be any Swachh Bharat Cess or Krishi Kalyan Cess carried forward under GST?

No.

92. There used to be Clean Energy CESS on imported Coal which was available at the rate of Rs 400 PMT. Will it be continuing under GST?

There is no Clean Energy Cess on coal. Where as coal will be subjected to the compensation cess at the rate of Rs 400 per tonne.

93. What about the closing balance of education cess and secondary higher education cess prior to March 1, 2015? will the closing balance will be carried forward in GST?

Under Section 140 of the CGST Act, there will be no more carried forward in GST as it is not covered by definition of "eligible duties and taxes".

94. One year limit will be applied or not on the 40 per cent benefit on closing stock?

As per the GST, deemed credit will be available for all stocks which was procured within one year period.

95. I have the input stock with me. Where do I need to declare the input stock? And what is the transition credit available?

From the appointed day it will be three months to declare the transition credit forms. Please refer to transition rules for more details.

96. Will Andaman and Nicobar Islands fall under GST as there was no VAT prior to this?

Yes. For all supplies within the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, CGST plus UTGST would be levied.

97. Will IGST be levied twice on the high seas sales? Firstly on high seas sales and secondly during the custom clearance. Will IGST paid on 1 be available as ITC?

IGST will be levied only once.

98. What about the Krishi Mandi Fee (which is there in U.P.)? Will it be waived off in GST?

GST will not affect this fee as it does not concern the same.

99. Will E-Way Bill be applicable from July 1, 2017?

The current system for the E-way Bill in the states will continue the way in which the E-Way Bill procedures are finalised.

100. Does the Anti-Profiteering law include a sunset clause?

Yes, there is sunset clause for the Anti-profiteering Authority and it is of two years.